As Democrats seek to set uniform election policies nationwide to make it easier to cast a ballot, one change on their wishlist would allow all Americans to register to vote on Election Day.

Senate Democrats have included a provision in the Freedom to Vote Act, their sweeping voting-rights bill, that would require all states to allow same-day registration. Only 20 states currently offer it.

Supporters say that it removes the registration deadline as a barrier to voting and offers people a convenient way to register and vote in one trip. Opponents say it adds work for election officials during their busiest time of year and poses a risk of fraud, though we have debunked that notion.

We wanted to take a closer look at the provisions of the bill, the prevalence of same-day registration, the criticisms of it, and how election officials make it work.

The election officials we spoke to acknowledged that same-day registration poses challenges, but generally dismissed the idea that it exposes elections to the risk of fraud.

Elections are largely governed by state laws, but the Freedom to Vote Act would set uniform policies for all federal elections regarding mail-in ballots, early voting and voter registration. 

Republicans have opposed the bill and say that states should continue to set their own election laws. The Senate was to begin voting on the bill on Jan. 19.

On voter registration, the legislation says that each state shall allow any eligible individual on the day of a federal election to register at their polling place to vote. That’s a stricter rule than some states with same-day registration observe. Michigan, for example, allows Election Day registration at a local clerk’s office, not at the voter’s polling place.

The National Conference of State Legislatures found that 20 states and Washington, D.C., offer some form of same-day registration. They include blue states such as Illinois and Minnesota, red states such as Wyoming and Idaho, and battlegrounds including Michigan and Wisconsin. Minnesota, Wisconsin and Maine pioneered same-day registration in the 1970s, and the practice became more common over the past decade.

Montana and North Carolina allow individuals to register during part of the early-voting period, but not on Election Day. In most other states, voters must register by a deadline, generally between eight and 30 days before the election.

State lawmakers have proposed bills within the past few months to create same-day registration in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. Same-day registration is scheduled to start this fall in Virginia, but some proposed bills would reverse that plan. Arizona doesn’t have same-day registration, and a pending bill would prohibit it. New York voters rejected same-day registration in November 2021.

A Morning Consult/Politico poll in January found that 56% of respondents support same-day voter registration, but it was far more popular with Democrats (78% support) than Republicans (35%). 

There is evidence that same-day registration increases turnout, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures, but it isn’t clear how much.

Research published by the University of Chicago Press in 2021 found same-day registration increases turnout among individuals ages 18 to 24 by between 3.1 and 7.3 percentage points. Young people are more likely to move a lot, making same-day registration particularly convenient for them. The findings mirror earlier studies.

The Heritage Foundation, a conservative group, says same-day registration "gives election officials no time to verify the accuracy of the voter registration information and the eligibility of the individual to vote."

But states that offer same-day registration do have systems to verify eligibility, including requiring the prospective voter to present proof of residency. The rules about acceptable forms of ID beyond a driver’s license vary, with some states allowing prospective voters to use a paycheck or utility bill.

Many states require same-day registrants to sign an affidavit stating they have not already voted, and if they do double vote, they face criminal penalties.

"We have clear evidence that same-day registration is feasible to implement, makes it easier for people to access a constitutional right, and does not reduce the integrity of elections," said Georgetown University public-policy professor Donald Moynihan.

In a survey of Wisconsin election clerks published in a report by Pew Charitable Trusts in 2009, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that the majority of election officials said that same-day registration increases their administrative burdens but that the benefits outweighed the costs.

Local elections officials in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan told us that same-day registration requires some steps by their officials, but they didn’t describe it as a difficult hurdle. 

"Think about the population you serve; it’s really the more efficient way to serve them rather than an arbitrary long date ahead of an election during which you have to register people," said Andy Lokken, elections director in Dakota County, Minnesota.

As a security measure, Minnesotans who newly register to vote are mailed a non-forwardable verification card. If the card for a voter who registered on Election Day is returned as undeliverable, officials follow up to verify the voter’s eligibility. If it doesn’t check out, they can refer the case to the county attorney for investigation and possible felony prosecution, said Paul Linnell, elections manager in Anoka County, in suburban Minneapolis.

Election officials in Minnesota told us they had seen a decline over the past decade in same-day registration due to the growth of online voter registration. For example in Anoka County, 18% of voters used Election Day registration in 2008 but only 8% in 2020.

In Michigan, voters in 2018 overwhelmingly passed Proposal 3, which amended the state constitution to guarantee access to no-excuse absentee voting and same-day voter registration. Michigan voters can’t register at their local polling place on Election Day, but they can register at the local clerk’s office, and receive a ballot there. Or they can take a signed registration receipt to their polling place to cast their ballot.  

The new process led to long lines at clerks’ offices in college towns in March 2020, when Michigan held its presidential primary. But following public awareness efforts, new registrations leading up to the November election were more spread out, with fewer on Election Day itself, said Lawrence Kestenbaum, the Democratic clerk in Washtenaw County.

"We don’t believe that Election Day registration undermined trust in Michigan elections at all," said Kestenbuam. "I’m not hearing complaints about the security of the process."

Justin Roebuck, the Republican clerk of Ottawa County, a GOP stronghold in western Michigan, said that for Michigan, it made sense to put the responsibility of registration on clerks at their offices, rather than at the polling places.

"It has largely been a huge success, both in terms of allowing access for voters and as a secure system that prevents fraud," Roebuck said.

Critics of same-day registration continually raise the specter of the double voter, who votes in one place on Election Day, registers in another place with some form of identification, and then votes again. While that could conceivably happen, officials and experts say, it almost never does.

It’s highly unlikely that someone will engage in voter fraud through same-day registration because the risk of detection is high, said Moynihan, the Georgetown professor.

Same-day registration "requires an individual to come to a polling place and verify that they are who they say they are, and they are a resident of the area" and do that under the supervision of a public official, Moynihan said.

In Michigan, voters’ information is entered into a statewide database, most commonly using their driver license or state ID number, which will bring up records of any previous registration. A person who tried to register in two different places on Election Day would be flagged.  

In general, cases of suspected voter fraud are exceedingly rare, and prosecutions even more so. The Associated Press reported in December that it found 475 potential cases of voter fraud in six battleground states in 2020 out of about 25.5 million votes cast. Nearly a third of those were from an investigation in Pima County, Arizona, where the county attorney announced in January that zero cases warranted prosecution.

Sara Bruckman, currently deputy clerk treasurer of the village of Fox Point, Wisconsin, said said in her eight years as an election official in the state, she could recall only one case where a voter cast a ballot, then used same-day registration with a different address and cast another ballot. 

"We caught it within the next day," Bruckman said.

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